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<>由旺销奖同志发表</P>
<>二战以及以前的日本望远镜制造
873年Matsugoro Asakura 由日本政府资助访问了奥地利,此行的目的是为了学习光学仪器的生产。他在1875年回国并在政府协助下建立镜片制造厂。工厂于1876年建成,这时Matsugoro Asakura 已经过逝,他的儿子, Kametaro Asakura在1883年开发了摄影镜头,并且在1890年展出。这是日本最早的复合摄影镜头。
在中日甲午战争中,Konishiroku 公司进口了卡尔蔡司的双筒望远镜,其中有50只6倍,50只8倍,以及5,10倍变倍望远镜5只。
Fujii兄弟是日本最早的望远镜生产商,在1911年生产了他们最早的产品。 Ryuzo Fujii毕业于东京理工学院机械工程系并在德国学习光学仪器3年,他在1901-1908年时海军的工程师,在退伍后和他的兄弟--一位化学药剂师一起开办了自己的公司。在1909年他们建立了自己的作坊,利用德国进口的设备开始试生产。他们一开始就打算生产望远镜,在2年以后生产出时日本第一只双筒望远镜,规格是8×20。也许还生产了一些伽利略望远镜。一战的爆发使得进口德国光学玻璃困难,但是生产仍然在继续。6×15和6×20的望远镜曾经送往俄国和英国展出。在1917年Fujii和Keiki Seisaku Sho以及Iwaki Glass合并组建了Nippon Kogaku,也就是现在的尼康。
在1915年,由于进口德国光学玻璃的困难,日本东京海军工程学院开始发展光学玻璃生产,同时他们还送出留学生前往德国和英国学习。这座学院在1923年的大地震中被摧毁,人员后来并入了Nippon Kogaku。尼康公司的资料称其光学玻璃研究和生产始于1918年。在1921年osaka工业材料实验室也开始研究生产光学玻璃,以解决对德,法,英进口的依赖。
在1918年,Nippon Kogaku向英法俄美出口了大约15000只双筒望远镜,共有18个型号。在1821 年,其以5年的合约雇佣了8位德国科学家和工程师。他们的任务之一就是重新设计双筒望远镜,这就诞生了1921年出品的Luscar 和 Mikron型号。Micron有4×和6×两种型号,非常小巧,其中6×的只有90克重。Orion 6×24和8×26,以及Nova系列在1923年出现。1948年尼康又重新生产了Mikron 系列,包括中调的6×15,最近几年又生产了复刻的纪念版,当然采用了现代的工艺和材料。
在30年代,日本军队决定为所有军士配备望远镜,当时一只棱镜双筒望远镜要80日元左右,但是给Nippon下达的订单是每只价格30日元。在这种情况下,Nippon独辟蹊径设计出了简便的93式军用望远镜。采用伽利略结构。按照常理,伽利略望远镜没有内部焦点所以无法安置分划板,Nippon Kogaku巧妙地把分划刻在物镜的内表面上,并在目镜的上半部分粘了一个凸透镜,使得正好能看清物镜上的分划。这种设计简便易行,在量产的望远镜中独一无二。
在二战时,Nippon Kogaku有23000名工人,25个生产厂,但是二战结束后就只有900人和两个厂。一些特种光学玻璃在二战时需要通过潜艇从德国运来。
从1919年到1934年,奥林帕斯,美能达,佳能,理光等公司的前身分别建立。这也是日本光学仪器制造业高速发展的时期。
日本的大型军用望远镜在二战结束后的50多年间一直很流行,生产数量不得而知,但是从一份文件得知,一艘巡洋舰级别的军舰,至少要配备13只大型双筒。
尼康生产了大量大型军用望远镜,绝大部分目镜设计采用5片的ER目镜或者其变种。表观视场大约为60度,出瞳距离较小。从1939到1944年,日本从肖特公司一共购买了大约200000磅光学玻璃。大部分军用望远镜提供了偏振滤镜或者用于有雾时使用的滤镜。所有的望远镜都有干燥气体或者氮气注入孔,有些还有内部干燥剂。美军二战的大型双筒望远镜基本上就是直接仿制日本产品的。
日军的大型双筒型号有:
7.5 x 60. 45 degree inclined eyepieces. Erfle eyepieces, 60 degree field.
Schmidt roof prism with swiveling rhomboid prisms to adjust IPD. Performance
excellent.
10 x 60. 60 degree inclined eyepieces. Erfle eyepieces, 60 degree field.
Amici type roof prism, with swiveling rhomboid prisms to adjust IPD.
Performance adequate.
10 x 80. Straight through. Porro II.
15 x 80. Straight through. Erfle eyepieces, 60 degree field. Porro II
prisms. Objectives are air spaced achromats. Performance very good.
15 x 80. 45 degree inclined eyepieces. Erfle eyepieces, 60 degree field.
45 degree deviation prism and a Porro II prism. Made by Yashima. Performance
adequate.
15 x 80. 60 degree inclined eyepieces. Erfle eyepieces, 60 degree field.
Scaled up version of the 10 x 60. Performance very good.
15 x 100. Straight through. 60 degree apparent field. Objective is a
three element Cooke type lens, allowing shorter focal length. Performance
excellent.
20 x 100. Straight through. Erfle eyepieces, 60 degree field. Porro Il
prisms. Objective is an air spaced achromat. Scaled up version of the 15 x
80. Performance very good.
15 x 105. 60 degree inclined eyepieces. Erfle eyepieces, 60 degree field.
Objective is air spaced. Scaled up version of the 15 x 80, with same roof &
rhomboid prisms. Performance excellent.
15 x 120. Straight through. Erfle eyepiece, 60 degree field. Objective is
a three element Cooke type lens. Scaled up version of the 80 mm Porro II. One
example is labeled (translation '120 mm Binocular for Night Torpedo No. 59
Manufactured in 2nd Month of Showa 13th Year (Feb. 1938) By Tokyo Kogakukikai
Kabushiki Kaisha' (Tokyo Optical Equipment Co.).
15 x 120. 45 degree inclined eyepieces. 60 degree field, oversized
eyepiece with eye lens 30.5mm diameter, long eye relief. Schmidt roof prism
with swiveling rhomboid prism for IPD. Made by Toko. Performance excellent.
20 x 120. Straight through. Erfle eyepiece, 60 degree field. Scaled up
version of the 80 mm Porro II.
20 x 120. Straight through. Erfle eyepiece, 60 degree field. Porro II.
Deck mounted on submarines, in a sealed steel case, objectives covered by 40 mm
glass window, eyepieces behind steel door. IPD adjustment via lever between
the eyepieces, fastened to gears that rotate Porro II housings. 170 pounds.
Scaled up version of the 80 mm Porro II.
20 x 120. 22.5 degree inclined eyepieces. Erfle eyepiece, 60 degree field.
Large Porro II prisms with exit face angled at 22.5 degrees, swiveling rhomboid
prisms to adjust IPD. Performance excellent.
20 x 120. 45 degree inclined eyepieces. Erfle eyepiece, 60 degree field.
45 degree Schmidt prism with swiveling rhomboid prism to adjust IPD. Made by
Nikko. Performance excellent.
120 mm models weigh from 30 to 50 pounds without their mountings.
18.8 x 150. Porro II. Objectives are doublets or Cooke triplets.
Performance excellent.
20 x 150. 60 degree field. Porro II. Objectives are doublets or Cooke
triplets. Performance excellent.
25 x 150. 60 degree field. Porro II. Objectives are doublets or Cooke
triplets. Performance excellent.
20 & 30 x 150. 60 degree field. Turret mounted eyepieces. Porro II.
Objectives are doublets or Cooke triplets. Performance excellent.
150 mm models weigh about 80 pounds.
22.5 & 30 x 180. 60 degree field. Turret mounted eyepieces. Porro II.
Objectives are Cooke triplets, f 4.5. Weighs about 130 pounds.
33 x 200. Folded optical system: from objective lens, through two 90 degree
prisms, through two 45 degree prisms, to eyepiece. 1400mm focal length, 787mm
physical dimension. Erfle eyepiece, 60 degree field. Cooke triplet
objectives. Cast bronze body, weighs over 250 pounds without mounting. Optics
are not coated. Performance quite satisfactory. Labeled (translation '20
cm. Telescope #2, Manufactured at the Japanese Naval Technical Centre, February
1932.'
50 & 83 x 250. Turret mounted eyepieces. Two made by Nikko in the early
1940s, used at the Russo-Japanese front for artillery spotting, one destroyed
in action, one returned to Japan during the war, now at the National Science
Museum in Tokyo, modified to 40 x 250. Brass, weighs over 300 pounds without
mounting.
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